neurons
Clinical Forensic Pharmaceutical Research

Clinical

Clinical Neuropharmacology is concerned with the effects of neuro-active drugs and chemicals as these relate to the clinical professions, either human or veterinary. Clinical neuropharmacology consultations are typically in response to a clinician’s referral, where the drug-related or toxin-related issues the case presents are beyond the usual scope of the clinician's pharmacological expertise or experience or where the clinician requests a second opinion on these issues (such as in chronic pain treatment by opiates). Clinical neuropharmacological consultations typically address issues of pharmacodynamics, pharmacogenetics, pharmacokinetics, drug abuse and dependence, adverse reactions, drug-drug interactions, drug-food interactions, drug-metabolism, biotransformation, drug-disease interactions and drug idiosyncrasy.